{"id":24011,"date":"2023-10-18T23:36:52","date_gmt":"2023-10-18T22:36:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/indolighting.com\/?p=24011"},"modified":"2026-09-29T20:15:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T19:15:19","slug":"to-b50-or-not-to-b50-led-gaismeklu-uzturesanas-koeficienti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indolighting.com\/lv\/to-b50-or-not-to-b50-led-gaismeklu-uzturesanas-koeficienti\/","title":{"rendered":"To B50 or not to B50: LED gaismek\u013cu uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficienti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nosakot pareizus spuldzes gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s koeficientus LED ielu apgaismojumam, prec\u012bzi \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161anos ir b\u016btiski, lai apgaismojuma projekts atbilstu pras\u012bb\u0101m ar\u012b kalpo\u0161anas laika beig\u0101s. Bet vai apgaismojuma speci\u0101listi saviem pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jiem uzdod pareizos jaut\u0101jumus?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ir labi zin\u0101ms, ka laika gait\u0101 LED gaismas pl\u016bsma samazin\u0101s; to sauc par gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161anos. Lai apgaismojuma projekts atbilstu pras\u012bb\u0101m ar\u012b kalpo\u0161anas laika beig\u0101s, \u0161\u012b samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 vis\u0101 gaismek\u013ca kalpo\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di kalpo\u0161anas laika s\u0101kum\u0101 mums ir vai nu vair\u0101k gaismas, nek\u0101 nepiecie\u0161ams, vai ar\u012b m\u0113s izmantojam nemain\u012bgas gaismas pl\u016bsmas (CLO) metodi, lai visu laiku nodro\u0161in\u0101tu vienm\u0113r\u012bgu apgaismojuma l\u012bmeni: gaismeklis s\u0101k darbu aptum\u0161ot\u0101 re\u017e\u012bm\u0101, un ekspluat\u0101cijas laik\u0101 jauda pak\u0101peniski tiek palielin\u0101ta l\u012bdz maksim\u0101lajai.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz \u0161im, protams, viss ir k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. Gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161anos var risin\u0101t divos skaidros veidos, un abus pied\u0101v\u0101 visi liel\u0101kie apgaismojuma ra\u017eot\u0101ji.<\/p>\n

Pareiza CLO profila izv\u0113le<\/h4>\n

Tom\u0113r viens aspekts var viegli palikt nepaman\u012bts: CLO algoritms j\u0101piel\u0101go projekt\u0113tajam sist\u0113mas kalpo\u0161anas laikam.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Ja sist\u0113mas paredz\u0113tais kalpo\u0161anas laiks ir, piem\u0113ram, 100 000 stundu un m\u0113s zin\u0101m, ka p\u0113c \u0161\u012b laika gaismek\u013ca LED gaismas pl\u016bsma b\u016bs 80 % no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s, tad, uzst\u0101dot gaismek\u013cus, j\u0101s\u0101k ar 80 % gaismas pl\u016bsmu un jauda j\u0101palielina t\u0101, lai p\u0113c 100 000 stund\u0101m t\u0101 sasniegtu 100 %.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi, ja sist\u0113mas kalpo\u0161anas laiks ir 60 000 stundu un tam pa\u0161am produktam p\u0113c \u0161\u012b laika saglab\u0101jas 88 % gaismas pl\u016bsmas, CLO algoritmam j\u0101s\u0101k ar 88 % un 60 000 stundu laik\u0101 j\u0101palielina gaismas pl\u016bsma l\u012bdz 100 %.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad tipiskam LED gaismeklim ar L80 = 100 000 stundu CLO \u0161aj\u0101 laik\u0101 var ietaup\u012bt 10 % no ener\u0123ijas izmaks\u0101m vis\u0101 kalpo\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Gaismek\u013cu ra\u017eot\u0101ji bie\u017ei iestata noklus\u0113juma CLO algoritmu, kas pie\u0146em, ka sist\u0113mas kalpo\u0161anas laiks ir vien\u0101ds ar produkta kalpo\u0161anas laiku<\/em>. Tas ir j\u0101zina, lai CLO profilu var\u0113tu pareizi piel\u0101got konkr\u0113tajai instal\u0101cijai.<\/p>\n

Neaizmirstiet ar\u012b, ka tad, ja CLO programma darbojas LED draiver\u012b un draiveris ir j\u0101nomaina, CLO algoritms tiks atiestat\u012bts un atkal s\u0101ks no \u201ekalpo\u0161anas laika s\u0101kuma\u201d, ja vien jaunais draiveris netiks ieprogramm\u0113ts katram gaismeklim atsevi\u0161\u0137i! Rezult\u0101t\u0101 apgaismojums b\u016bs nepietiekams un t\u0101tad neatbild\u012bs pras\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

LED kalpo\u0161anas laiks un uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficienti LED ielu apgaismojum\u0101<\/h4>\n

K\u0101 tad uzzin\u0101t, k\u0101da b\u016bs LED gaismas pl\u016bsma sist\u0113mas kalpo\u0161anas laika beig\u0101s?<\/p>\n

Gaismas pl\u016bsmas prognoz\u0113\u0161anai ir vair\u0101ki mode\u013ci, ar kuriem var paredz\u0113t, k\u0101da b\u016bs gaismas pl\u016bsma p\u0113c noteikta darb\u012bbas laika. \u0160\u012bs metodes balst\u0101s uz m\u0113r\u012bjumu datiem un ar matem\u0101tiskiem mode\u013ciem prognoz\u0113, k\u0101 LED darbosies n\u0101kotn\u0113, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 test\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 nov\u0113roto veiktsp\u0113ju.<\/p>\n

TM-21[1]<\/a> ir viena no \u0161\u0101d\u0101m apr\u0113\u0137ina metod\u0113m, un apgaismojuma nozar\u0113 to izmanto pla\u0161i. Apr\u0113\u0137ina pamat\u0101 ir LED test\u0113\u0161anas rezult\u0101ti, kas ieg\u016bti saska\u0146\u0101 ar LM-80[2]<\/a> metodiku.<\/p>\n

LM-80 = test\u0113\u0161ana<\/h4>\n

\"Iek\u0101rta<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n

LM-80 ir test\u0113\u0161anas standarts, kas nosaka, k\u0101 j\u0101test\u0113 LED korpuss, LED bloks vai modulis un k\u0101 j\u0101apkopo rezult\u0101ti.<\/p>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar \u0161o metodi LED paraugus ievieto testa kamer\u0101 ar r\u016bp\u012bgi kontrol\u0113tiem vides apst\u0101k\u013ciem un elektriskajiem parametriem un regul\u0101ri m\u0113ra to gaismas pl\u016bsmu un hromatiskumu.<\/p>\n

Testam j\u0101ilgst vismaz 6 000 stundu, un parasti to turpina daudz ilg\u0101k, lai uzlabotu progno\u017eu precizit\u0101ti un ticam\u012bbu. Test\u0113\u0161anu veic pie LED korpusa temperat\u016bras 55 gr\u0101di, 85 gr\u0101di un tre\u0161\u0101s, ra\u017eot\u0101ja izv\u0113l\u0113tas temperat\u016bras. Dati j\u0101re\u0123istr\u0113 vismaz ik p\u0113c 1 000 stund\u0101m pie 25 gr\u0101diem.<\/p>\n

LM-80 ir tikai viens no uzticamiem inform\u0101cijas avotiem, kas \u013cauj klientiem nov\u0113rt\u0113t un sal\u012bdzin\u0101t da\u017e\u0101du ra\u017eot\u0101ju LED ielu gaismek\u013cu gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s koeficientus. Tom\u0113r tas piln\u012bb\u0101 neraksturo LED sist\u0113mas veiktsp\u0113ju vai uzticam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

J\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka tad, ja draivera kalpo\u0161anas laiks ir \u012bs\u0101ks nek\u0101 modu\u013ca kalpo\u0161anas laiks, draiveris var b\u016bt j\u0101nomaina, pirms beidzies gaismek\u013ca dz\u012bves cikls. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka gaismek\u013ca kop\u0113jo kalpo\u0161anas laiku nevar izteikt ar vienu skaitli. Modu\u013ca un draivera v\u0113rt\u012bbas j\u0101nor\u0101da atsevi\u0161\u0137i, t\u0101s neapvienojot.<\/p>\n

TM-21 = prognozes<\/h4>\n

\"\"TM-21 izstr\u0101d\u0101ja, lai \u0161os \u012bstermi\u0146a LED komponentu testu datus ekstrapol\u0113tu, prognoz\u0113tu turpm\u0101ko kalpo\u0161anas laiku un sniegtu p\u0101rliec\u012bbu par tehnolo\u0123iju.<\/p>\n

Lai prognoz\u0113tu gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161anos, TM-21 prasa tikai to, lai testa laik\u0101 vair\u0101kos vien\u0101dos interv\u0101los tiktu re\u0123istr\u0113ta test\u0113to LED vid\u0113j\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsma (procentos no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s gaismas pl\u016bsmas).<\/p>\n

P\u0113c tam ar prognoz\u0113\u0161anas metodi var paredz\u0113t gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161anos p\u0113c noteikta laika vai darba stundu skaitu, p\u0113c kura gaismas pl\u016bsma samazin\u0101sies l\u012bdz noteiktam l\u012bmenim.<\/p>\n

\"Diagramma<\/a>
1. att\u0113ls: LM-80 testa rezult\u0101tu piem\u0113rs. Iev\u0113rojiet \u0161\u012b LED mikrosh\u0113mu paraugu kopuma vid\u0113j\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas katr\u0101 laika punkt\u0101<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Iepriek\u0161 redzamaj\u0101 tabul\u0101 (1. att\u0113ls) par\u0101d\u012bts piem\u0113rs, k\u0101 tiek re\u0123istr\u0113ti LM-80 rezult\u0101ti un kurus no tiem izmanto TM-21 apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101.<\/p>\n

Apr\u0113\u0137ina rezult\u0101ts ir nomin\u0101lais gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s laiks Lx<\/sub>, t.i., darb\u012bbas laiks, kur\u0101 LED gaismas avots saglab\u0101 x<\/em> procentus no savas s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s gaismas pl\u016bsmas. Piem\u0113ram: L70<\/sub> (stundas) = laiks, l\u012bdz saglab\u0101jas 70 % gaismas pl\u016bsmas.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 TM-21 apr\u0113\u0137ins balst\u0101s uz vid\u0113jo gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161anos katr\u0101 m\u0113r\u012bjuma punkt\u0101, rezult\u0101ts p\u0113c defin\u012bcijas ir paraugu kopas vid\u0113j\u0101<\/strong> gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s p\u0113c nomin\u0101l\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s laika. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, p\u0113c nor\u0101d\u012bt\u0101 stundu skaita paraugu gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s aritm\u0113tiskais vid\u0113jais b\u016bs Lx<\/sub> v\u0113rt\u012bba. T\u0101 k\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s aptuveni atbilst norm\u0101lajam sadal\u012bjumam, var ar\u012b teikt, ka LED paraugu kop\u0101 pusei vien\u012bbu gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s b\u016bs augst\u0101ka par prognoz\u0113to, bet pusei zem\u0101ka (skat\u012bt 3. att\u0113lu zem\u0101k).<\/p>\n

No t\u0101 redzams, ka ielu apgaismojuma iepirkumos bie\u017ei pras\u012bt\u0101 metode TM-21 sp\u0113j prognoz\u0113t tikai vid\u0113jos<\/em> gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus (norm\u0101lajam sadal\u012bjumam vid\u0113jais = medi\u0101na = moda), un, izmantojot Lx<\/sub>By<\/sub> apz\u012bm\u0113jumu, tie atbilst Lx<\/sub>B50. <\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0101da ietekme ir B v\u0113rt\u012bbai?<\/h4>\n
Apgaismojuma l\u012bmenis un ener\u0123ijas pat\u0113ri\u0146\u0161 <\/span><\/h6>\n

Da\u017eos ielu apgaismojuma iepirkumos prasa t\u0101du \u201eB\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bbu prognozes, kas neatspogu\u013co vid\u0113jo gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161anos. Piem\u0113ram, Lx<\/sub>B10, citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, darba stundu skaits, l\u012bdz kuram ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 10 % LED nodro\u0161ina maz\u0101k nek\u0101 x % no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s gaismas pl\u016bsmas.<\/p>\n

2. att\u0113l\u0101 redzams, ka t\u0101d\u0101m LED, kuru gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s atbilst norm\u0101lajam sadal\u012bjumam, B10 ir t\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bba, pie kuras 10 % LED ir zem Lx<\/sub> m\u0113r\u0137a, bet 90 % virs \u0161\u012bs robe\u017eas.<\/p>\n

\"LED<\/a>
2. att\u0113ls: LED gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s atbilst norm\u0101lajam sadal\u012bjumam<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Jebkurai LED stundu skaits zem\u0101kai By<\/sub> v\u0113rt\u012bbai vienm\u0113r b\u016bs maz\u0101ks nek\u0101 stundu skaits l\u012bdz B50. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba ir atkar\u012bga no gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s izkliedes starp testa paraugiem. T\u0101p\u0113c B10 v\u0113rt\u012bba ir piesardz\u012bg\u0101ka nek\u0101 B50. Praks\u0113 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka LED modu\u013cu kopa B10 sasniedz agr\u0101k\u0101 kalpo\u0161anas laika posm\u0101 nek\u0101 B50.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, LED ar L80B50 = 100 000 stundu L80B10 v\u0113rt\u012bba var\u0113tu b\u016bt ap 70 000 stundu. \u0160aj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b var teikt, ka 10 % LED gaismas pl\u016bsma b\u016bs maz\u0101ka par 80 %. Tom\u0113r, k\u0101 redzams 3. att\u0113l\u0101, \u0161aj\u0101 piem\u0113r\u0101 vid\u0113j\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsma p\u0113c 70 000 stund\u0101m paties\u012bb\u0101 ir 87,5 %.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad, ja LED ielu apgaismojuma sist\u0113mu projekt\u0113 ar kalpo\u0161anas laiku 70 000 stundu, projekt\u0113t\u0101jam j\u0101izlemj, vai izmantot L80B10 = 70 000 stundu un uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficientu 0,8, vai L87,5B50 = 70 000 stundu un uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficientu 0,875. Skaidrs, ka otraj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tiks pat\u0113r\u0113ts maz\u0101k ener\u0123ijas<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Var apgalvot, ka, izv\u0113loties uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficientu, piem\u0113rot\u0101ks ir vid\u0113jais gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, jo m\u0113s v\u0113lamies, lai apgaismojums neb\u016btu ne nepietiekams, ne p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgs. Iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 piem\u0113r\u0101, izmantojot L80B10, apgaismojums vid\u0113ji b\u016bs par 7,5 % p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgs, bet ar L87,5B50 t\u0101 neb\u016bs (abos gad\u012bjumos 70 000 stundu).<\/p>\n

Neaizmirstiet, ka LED gaismekl\u012b parasti ir vair\u0101kas LED. LED mikrosh\u0113mu gaismas pl\u016bsma samazin\u0101s da\u017e\u0101d\u0101 \u0101trum\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c gaismek\u013ca gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s jau pati par sevi ir taj\u0101 eso\u0161o atsevi\u0161\u0137o LED mikrosh\u0113mu vid\u0113j\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gaismek\u013cu sal\u012bdzin\u0101juma precizit\u0101te<\/span><\/h6>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Papildus p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga apgaismojuma riskam \u201eB\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bbu izmanto\u0161anai ir v\u0113l viena probl\u0113ma: veids, k\u0101 t\u0101s apr\u0113\u0137ina. TM-21 ir noteikta apr\u0113\u0137ina metode vid\u0113jai gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbai, un t\u0101 prasa, lai LED b\u016btu test\u0113tas saska\u0146\u0101 ar LM-80. Tom\u0113r TM-21 nesniedz nor\u0101d\u012bjumus, k\u0101 apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t \u201eB\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c jebkuras nor\u0101d\u012bt\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas ir apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tas ar ra\u017eot\u0101ja izv\u0113l\u0113tu metodi. T\u0101 ir probl\u0113ma, jo bez vienotas pieejas rezult\u0101tus nevar sal\u012bdzin\u0101t p\u0113c vien\u0101diem krit\u0113rijiem, un tas lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 apgr\u016btina izv\u0113li starp gaismek\u013ciem.<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Britu standartu interpret\u0101cija<\/span><\/h6>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Standarta BS 5489-1 C pielikum\u0101 aprakst\u012bts, k\u0101 apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t LED ielu apgaismojuma uztur\u0113\u0161anas koeficientus, kas izmantojami apgaismojuma projektos.<\/p>\n

\u0160aj\u0101 dokument\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s min\u0113ta tikai k\u0101 Lx<\/sub> v\u0113rt\u012bba, <\/strong>bez metodes, k\u0101 vien\u0101dojum\u0101 iek\u013caut By<\/sub> v\u0113rt\u012bbas<\/strong>. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka jebkuras citas v\u0113rt\u012bbas, iz\u0146emot B50, izmanto\u0161anu var uzskat\u012bt par maldino\u0161u.<\/em><\/p>\n

Izpratne par BY <\/sub> v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m: gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s izkliede<\/h4>\n

Viens b\u016btisks aspekts, ko \u201eB\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bba tom\u0113r cen\u0161as izgaismot, ir gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s izkliede starp LED paraugiem test\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, ja mums ir 10 LED paraugi un tie darboju\u0161ies 100 000 stundu, b\u016btu v\u0113lams, lai izm\u0113r\u012btie gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s rezult\u0101ti l\u012bdzin\u0101tos zem\u0101k redzam\u0101 3. att\u0113la \u201e1. piem\u0113ram\u201d, nevis \u201e2. piem\u0113ram\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"Tabula<\/a><\/p>\n

3. att\u0113ls. Gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s izkliede starp paraugiem <\/em><\/p>\n

Iemesls ir t\u0101ds, ka, lai gan vid\u0113j\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s ir vien\u0101da (un t\u0101tad ar\u012b L80B50 v\u0113rt\u012bbas ir identiskas), 1. piem\u0113r\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s ir vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101ka. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka visu LED gaismas pl\u016bsma samazin\u0101s daudz vienm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101k un laika gait\u0101 nodro\u0161ina stabil\u0101ku apgaismojumu.<\/p>\n

Ja m\u0113s var\u0113tu b\u016bt dro\u0161i, ka B10 v\u0113rt\u012bbas ab\u0101m piem\u0113ra kop\u0101m apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tas ar vien\u0101d\u0101m metod\u0113m, tad L80B10 pras\u012bba izceltu 1. piem\u0113ra kopas kvalit\u0101ti. Ta\u010du, k\u0101 zin\u0101ms, \u0161\u012b r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ja apr\u0113\u0137ins nav standartiz\u0113ts, t\u0101p\u0113c sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumi ne vienm\u0113r ir noder\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

Cits veids, k\u0101 klienti var ieg\u016bt inform\u0101ciju par izkliedi, ir p\u0101rbaud\u012bt rezult\u0101tu dispersiju vai standartnovirzi produkta LM-80 testa p\u0101rskat\u0101. T\u0101 k\u0101 LM-80 ir nozar\u0113 standartiz\u0113ta test\u0113\u0161anas proced\u016bra, tas nodro\u0161ina god\u012bgu un pamatotu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumu starp l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bgiem gaismek\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

To var iek\u013caut pat iepirkuma dokument\u0101cij\u0101, vienk\u0101r\u0161i nor\u0101dot maksim\u0101lo pie\u013caujamo standartnovirzi (r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju, kas raksturo rezult\u0101tu novirzi no vid\u0113j\u0101) jebkur\u0101 gaismas pl\u016bsmas saglab\u0101\u0161an\u0101s m\u0113r\u012bjuma punkt\u0101 LM-80 testa laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

Kopsavilkums<\/h4>\n

Alternat\u012bvu \u201eB\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bbu izmanto\u0161ana standarta TM-21 progno\u017eu viet\u0101 var:<\/strong><\/p>\n